Here are 12 facts which profile this tenacious, single-minded and principled Tudor queen. Arthur, Prince of Wales. Ludlow Castle, Shropshire. Pope Julius II. Ambassador In , she held the position of ambassador for the Spanish Court in England, becoming the first female ambassador in European history.
Catherine Katherine with her pet monkey. Children Catherine became pregnant six times providing two sons and a daughter. Mary I. King James IV of Scotland. Columbus adressing Queen Isabella.
The pomegranate emblem. Catherine c. Break with Rome When Henry VIII became tired of Catherine and her inability to produce a male heir he asked the Pope to annul the marriage, claiming the earlier dispensation to be was invalid. Thomas Cranmer. Lady Jane Grey in six places. Sign up for our newsletter Enter your email address below to get the latest news and exclusive content from The History Press delivered straight to your inbox.
Sign up. Having been engaged to Prince Arthur—heir to the English throne—since childhood, Catherine went to England and married him in Following Arthur's untimely death in , Catherine was betrothed to Henry, Arthur's brother. The dispensation needed for a man to marry his brother's widow was granted by the Catholic Church, but the marriage was delayed due to Henry's young age, as well as clashes between England and Spain about the payment of Catherine's dowry.
Catherine and Henry had a comfortable marriage for years, with the popular Catherine even serving as regent and overseeing a battle with the Scots while Henry was waging war in France. However, though she gave birth to six children—including one surviving daughter, Mary Tudor—Catherine did not produce a male heir for Henry.
By , Henry had decided to end his marriage to Catherine so that he could wed a new wife. Henry asked the Catholic Church to invalidate his marriage because Catherine had been married to his brother. However, Catherine refused to go along with Henry's plan, swearing that her marriage to Arthur had remained unconsummated. Even after being separated from her daughter, the devout Catherine maintained that her marriage to Henry was valid and indissoluble.
Tired of waiting, Henry decided that he did not require the pope's approval. In , Henry—who had already secretly married Anne Boleyn —had Thomas Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury, annul his marriage to Catherine. Parliament then declared that the king, not the pope, was head of the Church of England.
She maintained her belief in the legitimacy of her marriage. The Legatine court reassembled at Blackfriars. The house was packed as it had been rumoured that a decision would be made. However, Campeggio announced that because of the large number of documents to be examined he would be unable to give judgement today.
He went on to say that the court would now have to be adjourned until October because it was practice in Rome to break for the summer months. Henry received a summons from Rome to appear before the papal curia. He was furious. His anger with Rome was growing as was the awareness that the Pope may never grant him a divorce. He realised that he needed to find another solution. Thomas Cranmer was summoned to appear before the King. Cranmer told Henry that it was his opinion that the marriage should be tried by the Doctors of Divinity in the Universities for it was them that studied the Bible and were therefore better qualified to discuss its meaning.
If the marriage were found to be invalid then all that would be necessary would be for the Archbishop of Canterbury to pronounce the King a free man. However, the evening did not go as he had expected.
Catherine was angry that he treated her so badly in private while in public he was civil and courteous. Catherine was ordered to leave Greenwich Palace and go to Richmond. Henry told Catherine that even if the Pope declared their marriage to be lawful he would still have his divorce. He told her that the Church of Canterbury was more important than that of Rome and that if the Pope found against him then he would declare the Pope a heretic and marry wherever he chose.
Catherine had been brought back to court for Christmas because there was a general sense of unease since she had been sent from court. With the Christmas festivities over, Catherine was sent back to Richmond. However, the Pope refused to publish it. Catherine wrote to her representative in Rome, Dr Pedro Ortiz.
She begged him to put pressure on the Pope to find her marriage lawful. All those scholars deciding that Henry had a good case were sent a sum of money.
Catherine was feeling more optimistic. Catherine, whose health had improved, was present at court for the Twelfth Night celebrations, that included a masque and dancing. Henry was courteous towards her and dined at the same table. In an attempt to make people believe that he was forced to set aside his wife against his will, Henry visited Catherine regularly. In an attempt to appease Catherine, Henry arranged for her to be with Mary when the court moved to Windsor.
Henry moved the court to Woodstock for a spell of hunting. He did not tell Catherine about the move, choosing, instead, to leave her and Mary alone in the deserted apartments at Windsor. Catherine was not invited to court for Christmas and Henry returned her gift saying that they were no longer man and wife it was not proper for them to exchange gifts.
Princess Mary made a much publicised visit to her mother at Enfield. Henry had reluctantly agreed to the visit in a bid to placate his subjects.
However, he was very worried that mother and daughter might intrigue against him with the Emperor and he vowed to keep them apart in future. Thomas Abell, who had spoken in public for Catherine, was sent to the Tower.
Thomas Cranmer who supported royal supremacy over the church, was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. However, he was in Germany serving as English ambassador to the German court. Catherine was told to move to Enfield where she would be less comfortable. John Forrest, a member of the Observant Friars at Greenwich, former confessor of Catherine, was imprisoned for supporting Catherine rather than the King.
Anne Boleyn told Henry that she was pregnant. He decided that the marriage should take place as soon as possible, but should be kept secret until an ace could be passed abolishing all appeals to Rome. Henry ordered Catherine to move to Ampthill which was some distance from London.
She wrote letters to both the Pope and Charles saying that she wanted no bloodshed and would not sanction any invasion of England on her behalf. The ruling was opposed by Fisher. Act in Restraint of Appeals The passing of this act forbade all appeals to foreign tribunals in all spiritual, revenue and testamentary cases. This bill had taken several weeks to pass through parliament, with some, such as Sir George Throckmorton, speaking against it.
It had to be amended before it would be accepted. It was obvious to all that this act had been passed to prevent Catherine making any further appeal to Rome. She was told that as she was now no longer queen she must use the title Princess dowager of Wales. She was allowed to keep her property but her servants and household expenses would now be her responsibility. Thomas Cranmer opened court and duly summoned Catherine to appear.
However, he was very worried of the consequences should she decide to appear in person. He declared the marriage null and void on the grounds that it was contrary to divine law. Bishop Fisher was the only bishop to protest against the decision and secretly appealed to Charles to intervene, using force if necessary. However, although angry, Charles had no intention of starting a war. Catherine was visited by a deputation of Councillors led by Lord Mountjoy. Catherine swallowed her pride and wrote to Henry asking if she might be allowed to move to a healthier house.
Henry replied that she could move to Fotheringay Castle if she chose. Knowing it to be worse than Buckden, Catherine declined. The Act in Absolute Restraint of Appeals This act put into effect the terms of the Act of and transferred all payments from the pope to the King. It also laid down that all future abbots and bishops were to be chosen for election by the King.
Act of Succession. This Act was introduced to exclude Mary from the succession and settle it instead on the children born from his marriage to Anne. The Act also gave Henry the power to extract oaths from any of his subjects regarding the provisions of the Act.
Anyone refusing to swear the oath would be guilty of treason. Catherine refused to swear the oath of succession. She only ate food prepared by trusted servants and kept a constant watch on all strangers. Catherine moved to Kimbolton Castle. They were told that Catherine was to receive no visitors unless they held a special licence from the King. Catherine spent most of her time in the seclusion of her own rooms with a few trusted servants.
Her apartments were more comfortable than those of Buckden and from her window she could look across the rooftops to the country beyond. She also had her own chapel behind which was a small walled garden where she could walk on fine days.
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