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Cancer 40 , — Thayer, W. Adriamycin stimulated superoxide formation in submitochondrial particles. Thurman, R. Hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidation. Hydrogen peroxide formation and the role of catalase. Catalase is a very common enzyme that is present in almost all organisms that are exposed to oxygen. The purpose of catalase in living cells is to protect them from oxidative damage, which can occur when cells or other molecules in the body come into contact with oxidative compounds.
This damage is a natural result of reactions happening inside your cells. The reactions can include by-products such as hydrogen peroxide, which can be harmful to the body, just as how a by-product of a nice bonfire can be unwanted smoke that makes you cough or stings your eyes. To prevent such damage, the catalase enzyme helps getting rid of these compounds by breaking up hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 into harmless water and oxygen. Do you want to see the catalyze enzyme in action?
In this activity you will disarm hydrogen peroxide with the help of catalase from yeast. Observations and results You probably saw lots of bubbles and foam in this activity. What made the foam appear? When the enzyme catalase comes into contact with its substrate, hydrogen peroxide, it starts breaking it down into water and oxygen. Oxygen is a gas and therefore wants to escape the liquid. However, the dish soap that you added to all your solutions is able to trap the gas bubbles, which results in the formation of a stable foam.
As long as there is enzyme and hydrogen peroxide present in the solution, the reaction continues and foam is produced. Once one of both compounds is depleted, the product formation stops. If you do not add dish soap to the reaction, you will see bubbles generated but no stable foam formation. If there is no hydrogen peroxide present, the catalase cannot function, which is why in cup one you shouldn't have seen any bubble or foam production. Only when hydrogen peroxide is available, the catalase reaction can take place as you probably observed in the other cups.
In fact, the catalase reaction is dependent on the substrate concentration. If you have an excess of enzyme but not enough substrate, the reaction will be limited by the substrate availability. Once you add more hydrogen peroxide to the solution, the reaction rate will increase as more substrate molecules can collide with the enzyme, forming more product.
The result is an increasing amount of foam produced in your cup as you increase the amount of H 2 O 2 in your reaction. You should have seen more foam being produced once you added another tablespoon of hydrogen peroxide to cup one, which should have resulted in a similar amount of foam as in cup two.
However, at some point you will reach a substrate concentration at which the enzyme gets saturated and becomes the limiting factor.
In this case you have to add more enzyme to speed up the reaction again. Many other factors affect the activity of enzymes as well. Most enzymes only function under optimal environmental conditions. If the pH or temperature deviates from these conditions too much, the enzyme reaction slows down significantly or does not work at all. You might have noticed that when doing the extra steps in the procedure. Cleanup Pour all the solutions into the sink and clean all the spoons with warm water and dish soap.
Wipe your work area with a wet paper towel and wash your hands with water and soap. This activity brought to you in partnership with Science Buddies. Already a subscriber?
Sign in. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. See Subscription Options. Discover World-Changing Science. Key concepts Biology Biochemistry Enzymes Physiology Chemistry Introduction Have you ever wondered how all the food that you eat gets digested?
Materials Safety goggles or protective glasses Five teaspoons of dish soap One package of dry yeast Hydrogen peroxide, 3 percent at least mL Three tablespoons One teaspoon Five ounce disposable plastic cups Tap water Measuring cup Permanent marker Paper towel Workspace that can get wet and won't be damaged by any spilled hydrogen peroxide or food-colored water Food coloring optional Preparation Take one cup and dissolve the dry yeast in about one-half cup of warm tap water.
The water shouldn't be too hot but close to body temperature 37 Celsius. Let the dissolved yeast rest for at least five minutes.
Use the permanent marker to label the remaining four cups from one to four. To all the labeled cups, add one teaspoon of dish soap. To cup one no further additions are made at this point. Before using the hydrogen peroxide, put on your safety goggles to protect your eyes. In case you spill hydrogen peroxide, clean it up with a wet paper towel. If you get it on your skin, make sure to rinse the affected area with plenty of water.
To cup two, add one tablespoon of 3 percent hydrogen peroxide solution. Use a fresh spoon for the hydrogen peroxide. To cup three, add two tablespoons of the hydrogen peroxide. To cup four, add three tablespoons of the hydrogen peroxide. Optionally, you can add a drop of food color to each of the labeled cups. You can choose a different color for each one for easy identification Procedure Take cup number one and place it in front of you on the work area. With a fresh tablespoon, add one tablespoon of the dissolved yeast solution to the cup and swirl it slightly.
What happens after you add the yeast? Do you see a reaction happening? Place cup number two in front of you and again add one tablespoon of yeast solution to the cup. Once you add the enzyme, does the catalase react with the hydrogen peroxide?
Can you see the reaction products being formed?
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